"I've spent 25 years watching leaders destroy cultures they were genuinely trying to build. The pattern is always the same. And it's always fixable."
Skip Bowman is an Australian organisational psychologist, leadership expert, and author of Safe to Great — The New Psychology of Leadership and the forthcoming Beyond Speak Up — Psychological Safety for the Real World. Based in Copenhagen, he has worked with some of the world's most demanding organisations on the one question that matters most: why do smart, well-intentioned leaders keep getting culture wrong?
The answer started on Australia's Great Barrier Reef in 1990 — where a shark and a panicking diver taught him that confidence doesn't create safety. Relationship does. It continued in a boardroom in Nairobi, where Dr. James Mwangi's tea ceremony showed him that Western "speak up" models were solving the wrong problem for 93% of the world.
Over thirty years ago, I was a diving instructor on Australia's Great Barrier Reef. My colleague Brian and I were responsible for a multinational group of ten divers aboard the yacht Sonja at Black Reef, about forty nautical miles from the Queensland coast. Craig, an American in his late twenties, was the most experienced diver on the charter.
For thirty minutes we drifted along the coral face, listening to the sounds of molluscs on the reef and the distant song of humpback whales. We were in about a hundred metres of water, twenty-five metres below the surface, moving in a strong ebbing tide. Everything seemed to be going well.
As we headed back up, we paused for a compression stop at about eight metres. I turned to check on Craig. Gave him the OK hand sign. He didn't return it. Instead, he pointed. I turned my head and found myself face-to-face with a three-metre tiger shark.
The shark swam past. For a split second I forgot about Craig. When I turned, he was gone — panicked, racing for the surface. I ascended steadily, keeping the shark in view. When I reached Craig he had his mask off, gasping for air. The water was choppy, the sun glaring. Brian was five hundred metres away in the tinny, looking the other direction.
Craig was drifting fast. I needed him calm enough to swim across a powerful current to reach the reef — otherwise we'd end up in open water. I couldn't drag him. I had to connect with him. Despite the waves, despite the fear, I managed to establish eye contact. Made him feel safe enough to put his mask back on. Follow my instructions. Focus on our common purpose: getting to the reef without further incident.
"What Craig and I went through that day taught me how vital emotional connection is to psychological safety. Confidence doesn't create safety. Relationship does. Without psychological safety, great leadership is impossible — especially when we feel threatened."
For twenty years after the Reef, I taught leaders to dive below the surface — to build psychological safety by being curious about what was hidden. I developed four validated instruments, built a global practitioner network, and wrote Safe to Great.
Then I went to Nairobi. Dr. James Mwangi, CEO of Equity Bank, had transformed a micro-lender serving Kenya's poorest into a financial institution that created two million entrepreneurs. He didn't do it with Western management frameworks. He did it with ritual, patience, and relational wisdom.
I came with frameworks. He led with a tea ceremony. The transformation didn't come from business plans. It came through trust — built slowly, structurally, and communally. Ubuntu philosophy in action: "I am because we are."
That week taught me something I'd missed entirely. I'd been teaching diving techniques when I should have been teaching tide awareness. You can't dive when the tide is out. And all my frameworks assumed the tide was in.
The Western "speak up" model puts all the weight on the individual — be braver, be more authentic, have more courage. But the problem isn't brave speakers. It's systems that can't listen. We've built an entire leadership development industry around the communication preferences of about 7% of the world's population and exported it as universal truth.
"Safe to Great showed what's below the surface. Beyond Speak Up asks what happens when the tide goes out — and offers a way of leading that works for the other 93%."
The new psychology of leadership. How to see what's actually driving your culture, map the inner game of leadership, and build psychological safety that creates high-performance teams. The book that became the methodology.
Get the Book →Psychological safety for the real world. Why Western "speak up" models fail in 93% of the world's cultures. Ubuntu leadership, collective intelligence, and the shift from individual courage to systematic responsiveness.
Learn More →An investigation into household energy independence as the most important economic shift of our generation. The same psychology that keeps organisations stuck in comfortable nonsense is keeping households captive to energy markets designed for extraction.
Vivisolari →Whether you're a leadership team that needs to know what's really driving your culture, an event organiser looking for a keynote that challenges comfortable nonsense, or a consultant ready to add real measurement to your practice — Skip reads every message personally.